La evaluación neuropsicológica está experimentando una transformación gracias a la tecnología de realidad virtual. La VR, sin perder de vista los valores propios de un test psicométrico, permite un mayor control de las variables, evitando el sesgo del evaluador y aumentando la validez ecológica de la evaluación neuropsicológica. Además, las pruebas en VR pueden combinar estímulos visuales y auditivos, lo que es más similar a la vida real y controla de manera efectiva las variables contaminantes de muchas evaluaciones.
En el libro «Best Practices in School Neuropsychology: Guidelines for Effective Practice, Assessment, and Evidence-Based Intervention» se destaca la empresa Nesplora como una de las pocas que ofrecen pruebas de realidad virtual comercialmente disponibles para la evaluación neuropsicológica. Nesplora ha desarrollado dos pruebas basadas en el paradigma del continuos performance test (CPT) que se administran en realidad virtual: Aula y Aquarium.
Además, el libro enfatiza que las pruebas en VR tienen el potencial de eliminar los sesgos de los evaluadores, lo que es especialmente importante en la evaluación de trastornos neuropsicológicos.
Recientemente, Nesplora ha presentado los normativos de Ice Cream y Suite, herramientas que evalúan la función ejecutiva y la memoria, en preimpresión de revistas de impacto para proporcionar más información sobre estas pruebas.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This chapter discusses the prevalence of ADHD and how it manifests in children and adolescents, reviews current perspectives on the neurobiology of ADHD, and considers its impact on a variety of neurocognitive functions and methods for assessing each area, and concludes with a discussion of treatments and interventions. A wide variety of risk factors should be inquired about during an ADHD evaluation. Children and adolescents with ADHD often demonstrate difficulties with learning and memory, which should be distinguished from learning disorders. Several commonly recommended school supports for ADHD are described. The chapter also focuses on four commonly employed psychosocial interventions: social skills training, peer intervention, Cognitive Behavioral training, and parent training. The following three well-researched treatment recommendations are discussed: dietary supplements, neurofeedback, and physical exercise.
A company called Nesplora has two CPTs that are administered in virtual reality. Children ages 6–15 can be administered Aula (Climent et al., 2011), which places them in a virtual classroom with a teacher, classmates, and all the furnishings of a classroom. They are asked to respond to some tar- gets that they hear or see on the blackboard and ignore other stimuli, including traditional classroom distractions like peers talking, things happening outside the classroom window, and other students passing notes. Adolescents over the age of 16 and adults can be administered Nesplora’s Aquarium (Climent, 2018), which takes place in a virtual aquarium and has more cognitively demanding and challenging rules for responding to targets that test not only attention but also working memory. Recall that working memory is related to Mirksy’s encode concept, meaning that Aquarium is tap- ping into multiple layers of Mirsky’s attention model. At this point, these are the only commercially available CPTs administered in virtual reality; they have the advantage of modeling real-world atten- tion demands and distractions in a way that is hard to replicate with traditional CPTs administered on desktop and laptop computers.
Best Practices in School Neuropsychology: Guidelines for Effective Practice, Assessment, and Evidence-Based Intervention, Second Edition. Edited by Daniel C. Miller, Denise E. Maricle, Christopher L. Bedford, and Julie A. Gettman. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119790563
Este proyecto ha recibido financiación de la Unión Europea del programa de investigación e innovación
Horizon 2020 bajo el acuerdo Nº 733901
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